My last school liked to break topics down into key facts that students could use memory techniques to learn. This year, I've been trying out a memory journey or loci method to help my Year 12s learn key criticisms of the argument from religious experience. Hopefully I'll post a bit more on this in the next week or so, when I see how well it's worked.
In the meantime, below is a fact sheet on hard determinism that I used last year, broken down into 20 key facts that you could use the loci method or the peg system to help you remember. The facts are below, or posted to google docs here (you will need a google account to access them).
Update: I've realised that the original 20 bullet point fact sheet I've uploaded, was partly culled from a page on the Tutor2u website here. Not something I worried about when I was putting together a fact sheet for a dozen-or-so students in class last year, but I've contacted the website to check they're happy for this post to remain.
1. Philosophical
Determinism is the theory that all events, including moral choices, are
completely determined by previously existing causes. Determinism is usually
understood to exclude the possibility of free will because it entails that
humans cannot act otherwise than they do.
2. Universal
Causation is the belief that everything in the universe including all human
actions and choices has a cause. Thus all events are causally determined and
theoretically predictable; you just need to know the effect of the causes.
3. The
Illusion of Moral Choice is a result of our ignorance of what causes these
choices, leading us to believe they have no cause.
4. John
Locke used an analogy in which a sleeping man is locked in a darkened room.
On awakening he decides he will remain in the room, unaware that the room is
locked. In reality the man has no freedom to choose, he cannot get out of the
room. However, his ignorance of his true condition has led him to believe that
he does have the freedom to choose to remain in the room.
5. David
Hume (actually a soft determinist) commented that we can observe patterns
in the physical world that can also be found in the decisions we make. Our
decisions thus, just like the physical world, are causally determined.
Theoretically then, we could know the future if we were knowledgeable of all
the causes in the universe and their effects.
6. Benedict
Spinoza said “In the mind there is no absolute or free will; but the mind
is determined to will this or that by a cause, which has been determined by
another cause, and this last by another cause, and so on until infinity.”
7. Adolf
Hitler is no more culpable for his actions than the good-doing Christian
church-goer, according to hard determinism. We cannot be held morally
responsible for our actions if they are causally determined and not a result of
our own moral choice.
8. Psychological
Determinism is the view human behaviour, thoughts and feelings are the
inevitable outcome of complex psychological laws describing cause and effect
relationships in human behaviour. Thus all decisions and actions can
theoretically be predicted. There are many influencing factors on human
behaviour: Hereditary, Environment, Society, Culture.
9. Clarence
Darrow successfully defended two youths guilty of murder by focusing his
argument on their lack of moral responsibility. Darrow argued that their
actions were influenced by a combination of heredity and social conditioning.
10. Ivan Pavlov
found that dogs could be conditioned to respond in a particular way to an
external stimulus. Pavlov believed that conditioned reflexes could explain the
behaviour of psychotic people. For example those who withdrew from the world
may associate all stimuli with possible injury or threat.
11. Skinner’s theory of Operant Conditioning
suggests that changes in behaviour are the result of an individual’s response
to events (stimuli) that occur in the environment. A response produces a
consequence, and when a particular stimulus-response pattern is reinforced
(rewarded) the individual is conditioned to respond.
12. Theological
determinism is the belief that the causal chain can be traced back to an
uncaused causer (Cosmological argument, Aquinas), and this is God. If God is
omniscient and omnipotent, we cannot have free-will and our actions must be
pre-determined by him.
13. St. Paul believed
that God chooses who will be saved. We shouldn’t question God’s right to choose
since none of us deserve to be saved. Humans are free to choose how to live
their lives but their final destination is determined by God alone.
14. St.
Augustine believed in pre-destination, the belief that only those elected
by God can achieve salvation. God has foreknowledge of our choices and the
decisions we will make. This does not mean man doesn’t make decisions freely;
rather it emphasizes God’s omnipotence.
15. Jean
Calvin argued that that the destination of each human being is determined
by God on the basis of his foreknowledge of everyone’s character and life. He
said that there was nothing anybody could do to change their destiny. According
to Calvin, there is no free will. Calvin therefore takes a hard determinist
approach.
16. Scientific
determinism tells us that for every physical event there is a physical
cause, and this causal chain can be traced back to the moment of the Big Bang.
If we consider the mind to be material activity in the brain i.e. chemical
impulses, then our thoughts and decisions are also pre-determined. We can
explore the causes of human behaviour through the many different branches of
science, for example Psychology, Sociology, Physiology and Anthropology.
17. Isaac
Newston revolutionised physics with his proposition that all bodies are
governed by the three laws of motion. Newton’s universe was predictable, like
an intricate clockwork toy.
18. Laplace
believed that if it were possible at any one time to know both the position and
the speed of all the particles in the universe at any one time, it would be
possible to know their position at any other time in the past, present or
future. This implies we can, theoretically, predict the future even though it
might not be possible in reality.
19. Heisenburg
Uncertainty Theory challenges scientific determinism. It says that it is
not possible to measure both the position and speed of a particle at the same
time due to the effect of photons which has a significant effect on a subatomic
level. However just because we cannot measure both does not mean they cannot
both be known.
20. Chaos
Theory suggests that in the material world events occur randomly and by
chance. This theory is also known as the “butterfly effect” as it suggests that
the slightest movement of a butterfly’s wings in Beijing could cause a
hurricane in New York some time later.
